Should You Take NAD, NMN, NR, Metformin, or Rapamycin for Longevity?
In recent years, several molecules, most specifically—NAD, metformin, and rapamycin—have emerged as potential “geroprotectors.” Each of these compounds shows promise for enhancing healthspan and lifespan, though their benefits, risks, and optimal applications vary. Here’s a breakdown of what we know, what we’re still learning, and practical takeaways if you’re considering these options and our approach at LifespanMD™ in Ottawa.
NAD and NAD Precursors (NMN & NR)
What it is: NAD is a molecule involved in many cellular processes, particularly those that generate energy and support cellular repair. NAD levels decline with age, sparking interest in whether boosting NAD could help delay aging.
Current Evidence: NAD precursors, such as NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) and NR (nicotinamide riboside), are popular supplements marketed to raise NAD levels. Some animal studies suggest that higher NAD may improve mitochondrial function, enhance DNA repair, and potentially extend lifespan. However, human studies on NAD’s impact are still very limited, in early stages, with mixed results.
Verdict: While NMN and NR show potential promise, they are not miracle molecules, and evidence of their effect on human aging remains inconclusive. One animal model study actually demonstrated an increase cancer progression. These molecules hold potential, but cautious optimism is advisable, especially since long-term safety data is very much lacking.
Metformin:
What it is: Traditionally used to treat type 2 diabetes, metformin works by reducing glucose production in the liver, improving insulin sensitivity, and modulating cellular energy.
Current Evidence: Metformin has been shown to mimic certain benefits of caloric restriction and may reduce the risk of age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Several observational studies suggest metformin users might live longer than non-users, even when controlling for diabetes.
Verdict: Metformin is a relatively well-studied and accessible option, showing benefits for people with pre-existing metabolic issues. However, more research is needed to understand its long-term effects on aging in people without diabetes. Those without diabetes should consult a healthcare provider before considering metformin for aging, as it may interfere with exercise benefits.
Rapamycin:
What it is: Originally an immune-suppressing drug used post-organ transplantation, rapamycin works by inhibiting mTOR, a protein involved in cell growth and aging.
Current Evidence: Rapamycin has been extensively studied in animal models, where it consistently shows lifespan extension. However, its immunosuppressive effects and potential side effects mean we must approach human use tremendous cautiously. While a few human studies show promise, the long-term safety profile of rapamycin as a geroprotector remain very unclear.
Verdict: Rapamycin holds potential as an aging intervention based on animal data, but human studies are very much in their infancy. It is not yet clear how to use it safely and effectively for longevity plus the immunosuppressent qualities are concerning.
Making Sense of the Data and Deciding What’s Right for You
When it comes to potential geroprotectors, there’s a balance between hope and evidence. As of 2024, a VERY cautious approach is recommended: consider your life stage, consult a healthcare provider, and watch for more research on long-term outcomes and side effects. While NAD precursors, metformin, and rapamycin may hold potential anti-aging effects, it’s very much too early to label any as a solution or recommendation for extending human life.
For those looking to incorporate anti-aging strategies now, focusing on evidence-backed lifestyle interventions—exercise, diet, sleep, and stress management—remains the most reliable way to support longevity.
